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[The situation of China in 1911-1927 :
After the 10/10/1911 Chinese revolution to overthrow the Manchu or Ch'ing
dynasty, there were long-lasted struggles for power. Yuan Shih K'ai
(Vie^n The^' Kha?i) who was assigned to crush the revolutionary group of
Sun-Yat-Sen changed to the latter's side and pressed Pu Y'i [Pho^? Nghi;
Pu Y'i was nephew of emperor Kuang Hsu (vua Quang Tu+.) who was childless
and died on 14/11/1908, one day before the death of Tz'u Hsi (Tu+` Hi)] or
emperor Hsuan T'ung (dynasty title of Pu Y'i; Tuye^n Tho^'ng, nie^n hie^.u
cu?a Pho^? Nghi) to abdicate on 12/2/1912 at the age of 7, after his only
3 years on the throne. Next day, Sun resigned as provisional president
elected previously by revolutionary delegates meeting in Nanking. To get
through a previous deal with Yuan, on 15/2/1912, Sun let him be the first
president of China (the 1st year of nationalist China; nie^n hie^.u Trung
Hoa Da^n Quo^'c Na<m Thu+' Nha^'t) and Li-Yuan-Hung (Le^ Nguye^n Ho^`ng)
as vice president, but Yuan wanted to be emperor.
Under Yuan's instigation, head of Sun's the Alliance Society (or Tung-meng
hui; Sun was head of this revolutionary coalition created in Tokyo in
1905) was assassinated in 3/1913 when he tried to reorganize this society
into the Kuomintang. Sun organized a campaign to oppose Yuan. When it
failed, Sun fled to Japan. Yuan annihilated other opposing groups and
self-claimed as king in 1915. However, in the South of China, there were
many anti-Yuan movements emerging. Yuan moderated with Japan by giving
the latter a German concession in Shantung (So+n DDo^ng) and some
exploration privileges in southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia.
At last, due to a combination of internal oppositions and external
pressures, Yuan had to resign both as emperor and president and committed
suicide in 1916. Li-Yuan-Hung moved into the presidency and Tuan-Ch'i-Yui
(DDoa`n Ky` Thu.y, 1864-1936) as premier, but in reality, Yuan's
militarists became war-lords and fought for power everywhere. In northern
China, they divided at least into 3 factions : Anhwei (Phe Hoa?n or An
Huy) led by Tuan-Ch'i-Yui; Chihli (phe Tru+.c or Tru+.c Le^.) led by
Feng-Kuo-Chang (Phu`ng Quo^'c Chu+o+ng), then Tsao-K'un (Ta`o Co^n);
Fengtien (Phe Phu.ng or Phu.ng Thie^n) led by Chang-Tso-Lin (Tru+o+ng Ta'c
La^m) in Manchuria. The 3 factions had continuous clashes with each
other by allying with foreign countries like Great Britain, Germany,
America and Japanese. In the South there was Lu-Jung-T'ing (Lu.c Vi~nh
DDi`nh) of Kwangtung (Qua?ng DDo^ng) and Kwangxi (Qua?ng Ta^y).
Failing to get aid from Japan, in 1917 Sun went from Shanghai to
Kwangtung to launch a campaign against premier Tuan-Ch'i-Jui. In 7/1917,
Sun-Yat-Sen was elected as generalissimo of a separatist regime. However,
Sun soon resigned and left for Shanghai towards mid-1918 when he lost the
support of Lu-Jung-T'ing.
Then in 1921, by wooing the troops from Kwangxi and Yunnan, Sun came back
and set up the Canton government to protect constitution against Peking.
But he had no army and money to pay one. Sun wrote books, San-min chu-i
(The 3 principles of the people; these principles were national freedom,
democratic government and socialist economy) and Chien-kuo fang-lueh
(Plans for the building of the realm). It was also easy on paper. First
was the phase of struggle against the old system, then the phase of
educative rule and the phase of true democratic government. In reality,
it was not so easy. While holed up in Canton, Sun must get foreign help
to protect his dream and ambition.
At the meantime, the wars among military forces have not stopped yet.
Baffled, Sun turned to the Soviet government in 1923. A Chinese Communist
Party had been formed in 1921. Having dream to reunite China, Sun agreed
to get aid and Russian advisors to modernize his army. One of Russian
conditions was Sun must rearrange the Kuomintang and allied with the CCP
for a land reform. In 10/1923, Borodin arrived at Canton and soon
gained's Sun confidence. Early in 1924, Sun reorganized his Kuomintang as
a tightly disciplined body on the model of the Soviet Communist Party and
used his San-min chu-i as guidance for his revolution . It's Sun to list
13 CCP members and introduce them to the Executive Central Committee of
the Kuomintang. However, communists gradually found way to intrude into
the Kuomintang individually and propagandize to attract more members to
their side. After spending 4 months in 1923 in the Soviet Union to study
Soviet institutions, especially the Red Army, Chiang Kai-Shek (Tu+o+?ng
Gio+'i Tha.ch) was back in China and became commandant of the Whampoa
military academy which was established on the Soviet model. As a result,
the Kuomintang had a better army.
Thanks to Russian help, in 10/1924, Chiang Kai-Shek could lead his
revolutionary army to crush Kwantung's warlord Ch'eng Chiung-Ming (Tra^`n
Quy'nh Minh). Although having small army, but with modern weapons, Chiang
widened control of the Kuomintang's southern area to Honan (Ho^` Nam).
Early in 1925, Chiang prepared for advancing to the north. At that time,
the war-lord in the north, Tuan-Ch'i-Yui, controlled Peking, carried on
the spirit of autocracy and was supported by the Japanese. Tuan invited
Sun to Peking for a reunification talk. However, when the talk has not
finished yet Sun died of cancer in Peking on 12/3/1925.
There was no reconciliation between the warlord order in the North and the
revolution South. On 23/5/1925, the Kuomintang Executive Central
Committee at Canton adopted a resolution severing all connection with the
Peking government and proposing cooperation with the Soviet Union.]
(continued)